George Mason University
School of Information Technology and Engineering
Department of Computer Science
IT/CS 803 Doctoral Tutorial:
Mixed-Initiative Intelligent Systems
Meeting time: Monday 7:20pm – 10pm
Meeting location: ST-II, Room 430A
Instructor: Dr. Gheorghe Tecuci, Professor of Computer Science
Office hours: Monday, 6pm – 7pm
Office: ST-II, Rm. 421
Phone: 993-1722
E-mail: tecuci@gmu.edu
Course Description
Prerequisite: an introductory course in artificial intelligence.
Mixed-initiative intelligent systems integrate human and automated reasoning to take advantage of their complementary knowledge, reasoning styles and computational strengths. These systems may include several automated agents that exhibit mixed-initiative behavior when collaborating with one another.
In this course, the students will learn about the open research issues in the development of such systems, including:
·
The task issue: the division of responsibility between the human and the agent(s) for the tasks that need to be performed.·
The control issue: the shift of initiative and control between the human and the agent(s), including proactive behavior.·
The awareness issue: the maintenance of a shared awareness with respect to the current state of the human and agent(s) involved.·
The communication issue: the protocols that facilitate the exchange of knowledge and information between the human and the agent(s), including mixed-initiative dialog and multi-modal interfaces.·
The evaluation issue: the human and automated agent(s) contribution to the emergent behavior of the system, and the overall system's performance (e.g., versus fully automated, fully manual, or alternative mixed-initiative approaches).·
The architecture issue: the design principles, methodologies and technologies for different types of mixed-initiative roles and behaviors.
These issues will be discussed in the context of current research on:
·
Mixed-initiative development of intelligent systems
(e.g. knowledge engineering, knowledge acquisition, teaching and learning)·
Specific mixed-initiative intelligent systems
(e.g., planning systems, dialog systems, discovery systems, learning systems, design systems, tutoring systems)·
Mixed-initiative maintenance of intelligent systems
(including knowledge base refinement and optimization)·
Knowledge representation for mixed-initiative reasoning
(e.g., ontologies and other shared representations suitable for both human and agents)
This course is intended to help the students make progress with their own dissertation research. The students will study several state of the art papers in mixed-initiative reasoning, related to their own research interests. These papers will be analyzed from the point of view of the above research topics (i.e. task, control, awareness, communication, evaluation, and architecture), and will be presented to the class. All the students are expected to actively participate in discussing these research issues, collaborating in identifying theoretical, methodological and practical foundations for mixed-initiative systems, based on all the analyzed papers. The course will also include brainstorming discussions on applying these concepts to practical systems of interest to the students.
Lecture Notes
Mixed-Initiative Intelligent Systems: Overview
COLLAGEN: Mixed-Initiative Interaction with a Collaborative Agent
Mixed-Initiative Issues in MASMA Meeting Scheduler
GTrans: Mixed-Initiative Planning System
Schema-based Approach to Specifying Conversation Policies
Mixed-Initiative Elements in Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Concepts, Issues, and Methodologies for Evaluating Mixed-initiative Intelligent Systems
Readings
Tecuci G., Aha D., Boicu M., Cox M., Ferguson G., and Tate A. (eds), Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Intelligent Systems, Acapulco, Mexico, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA, August 2003. http://lalab.gmu.edu/miis/proceedings.html
Aha D. et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the ECCBR Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Case-Based Reasoning, 24 June 2003, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
http://home.earthlink.net/~dwaha/research/meetings/iccbr03-micbrw/
Aha D. et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the ECCBR Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Case-Based Reasoning, 4 September 2002, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
http://home.earthlink.net/~dwaha/research/meetings/eccbr02-micbrw/
Cox M. et al., (eds), Proceedings of the AAAI Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Intelligence, July 18-19, Orlando, Florida, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA. 1999. http://www.cs.wright.edu/~mcox/mii/
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, The Journal of Personalization Research, Vol. 8, no.3, 1998, and Vol. 9, no.1, 1999, special issues on mixed-initiative interaction, available in line at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868
Other papers on state of the art mixed-initiative reasoning systems
Masato Ishizaki
Exploring Mixed-Initiative Dialogue Using Computer Dialogue Simulation
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9(1): 79-91; Apr 1999
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Eli Hagen
An Approach to Mixed Initiative Spoken Information Retrieval Dialogue
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9(1): 167-213; Apr 1999
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
James C. Lester
Lifelike Pedagogical Agents for Mixed-initiative Problem Solving in Constructivist Learning Environments
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9(1): 1-44; Apr 1999
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Amedeo Cesta
Mixed-Initiative Issues in an Agent-Based Meeting Scheduler
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9(1): 45-78; Apr 1999
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
An Analysis of Initiative Selection in Collaborative Task-Oriented Discourse
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 8(3): 255-314; Jan 1998
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Charles Rich
COLLAGEN: A Collaboration Manager for Software Interface Agents
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 8(3): 315-350; Jan 1998
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Robin Cohen
What is Initiative?
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 8(3): 171-214; Jan 1998
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Adelheit Stein
User-Tailored Planning of Mixed Initiative Information-Seeking Dialogues
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 9(1): 133-166; Apr 1999
Search at: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0924-1868 and download pdf file.
Naren Ramakrishnan, Robert Capra, Manuel A. Pérez-Quiñones
Mixed-initiative interaction = mixed computation
http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=503042&jmp=abstract&dl=GUIDE&dl=ACM
Marti
A.
Hearst
Trends & Controversies:
Mixed-
initiative
interaction. IEEE Intelligent Systems 14(5): 14-23 (1999). 1998
http://www.cs.duke.edu/~cig/papers/ieee.pdf
S. Perugini and N. Ramakrishnan. Personalizing Web Sites with Mixed-Initiative Interaction. IEEE IT Professional, Vol. 5(2), March-April 2003.
http://people.cs.vt.edu/~ramakris/papers/itpro.pdf
Eric Horvitz
Principles of Mixed-Initiative User Interfaces
In: Proceedings of CHI '99, ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Pittsburgh, PA, May 1999. ACM Press. pp 159-166.
http://research.microsoft.com/~horvitz/uiact.htm
David G. Novick and Stephen Sutton
What is Mixed-Initiative Interaction?
Published as Novick, D., and Sutton, S. (1997). What is mixed-initiative interaction?, Papers from the 1997 AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Models for Mixed Initiative Interaction, Stanford University, March 24-26, 1997, Technical Report SS-97-04, AAAI Press.
http://www.cs.utep.edu/novick/papers/mi.aaai.html
Marc Rettig
Summer Institute of Linguistics,
Cooperative software
Communications of the ACM archive
Volume 36 ,
Issue 4
(April 1993)
Download from http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=153593&jmp=cit&dl=GUIDE&dl=ACM
Henry Kautz
AFRL/IISI Workshop on Mixed Initiative Decision Making,
http://www.cis.cornell.edu/iisi/MIDM-workshop/final%20report/midm-report.htm
Gerhard Fischer
User Modeling in Human–Computer Interaction
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
11 (1-2): 65-86, 2001
Copyright © 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers
http://www.kluweronline.com/article.asp?PIPS=270657
George Ferguson, James Allen, and Brad Miller, TRAINS-95: Towards a Mixed-Initiative Planning Assistant Proc. Third Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning Systems (AIPS-96),
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/users/faculty/james/
George Ferguson and James F. Allen, TRIPS: An Integrated Intelligent Problem-Solving Assistant, Proceedings of the Fifteenth National Conference on AI (AAAI-98), Madison, WI, 26--30 July, 1998.
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/users/faculty/james/
Allen, J., Byron, D., Dzikovska, M.,
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/u/james/NLE2000.pdf
James Allen, Donna Byron, Myroslava Dzikovska, George Ferguson, Lucian Galescu, and Amanda Stent, "Towards Conversational Human-Computer Interaction," AI Magazine, 2001.
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/research/cisd/pubs/2001/allen-et-al-aimag2001.pdf
James Allen, George Ferguson, and Amanda Stent, "An architecture for more realistic conversational systems," in Proceedings of Intelligent User Interfaces 2001 (IUI-01), pages 1-8,
http://www.cs.rochester.edu/research/cisd/pubs/2001/allen-ferguson-stent-iui2001.pdf
M Burstein and D McDermott.
Issues in the development of human-computer mixed-initiative planning.
In Gorayska and Mey, editors, In Search of a Humane Interface, pages 285-303.
Sandra Carberry.
Discourse initiative: Its role in intelligent tutoring systems.
In Working Notes of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Models of Mixed Initiative Interaction, pages 10-15, Stanford, 1997.
Allison Cawsey.
Explanation and Interaction.
The MIT Press, 1993.
Reva Freedman.
Degrees of mixed-initiative interaction in an intelligent tutoring system.
In Working Notes of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Models of Mixed Initiative Interaction, pages 44-49, Stanford, 1997.
Curry Guinn.
Mechanisms for mixed-initiative human-computer collaborative discourse.
In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 278-285, 1996.
Susan W. McRoy.
Achieving Robust Human-Computer Communication.
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 48, 1998.
C. Rich and C Sidner.
Adding a collaborative agent to graphical user interfaces.
In Proceedings of the 9th ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pages 21-30,
C. Rich and C Sidner.
Segmented interaction history in a collaborative interface agent.
In Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, pages 23-30,
F. Shah and M. Evens.
Student initiatives and tutor responses in a medical tutoring system.
In Working Notes of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Computational Models of Mixed Initiative Interaction, pages 138-144, Stanford, 1997.
Loren G. Terveen.
Overview of human-computer collaboration.
Knowledge Based Systems (Special Issue on Human-Computer Collaboration), 8(2-3):67-81, 1995.
David R. Traum, Lenhart K. Schubert, Massimo Poesio, Nathaniel G. Martin, Marc N. Light, Chung Hee Hwang, Peter A. Heeman, George M. Ferguson, and James F. Allen.
Knowledge representation in the trains-93 conversation system.
International Journal of Expert Systems, 9(1):173-223, 1996.
M. Veloso.
Towards mixed-initiative rationale supported planning.
In A. Tate, editor, Advanced Planning Technology, pages 277-282. AAAI Press, 1996.
M. Walker and S. Whittaker.
Mixed initiative in dialogue: An investigation into discourse segmentation.
In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 70-78, 1990.
Papers added January 29th, 2004
B.R. Odgers, J. W. Shepherdson and S.G. Thompson Distributed Workflow Co-ordination by Proactive Software Agents, http://more.btexact.com/projects/ibsr/papers/ijcai_99.pdf
Ingo J. Timm and Peer-Oliver Woelk, Ontology-based Capability Management for Distributed Problem in Manufacturing Domain, May 2003, in Schillo, M. et al., (Rds.): Multiagent System Technologies - Proc. of the First German Conference, MATES 2003, Erfurt, Germany, September 2003, LNAI 2831, Springer: Berlin, pp. 168-179. http://www.tzi.de/~inti/paper/2003/mates03_paper.pdf
Tecuci G., Boicu M., Wright K. and Lee S.W., "Mixed-Initiative Development of Knowledge Bases", in Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Intelligence, July 18-19, Orlando, Florida, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, CA. 1999. http://lalab.gmu.edu/publications/data/MIDKB-sent1999.pdf
Jacob Eisenstein and Charles Rich, “Agents and GUIs from Task Models”, in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces – IUI’02, January 13-16, 2002, San Francisco, ACM Press, pp 47-54. Search at: http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm and download PDF file (from GMU computer).
Andrew Garland, Kathy Ryall and Charles Rich, “Learning Hierarchical Task Models by Defining and Refining Examples”, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Knowledge Capture – K-CAP’01, October 22-23, 2001, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, ACM Press, pp 44-51. Search at: http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm and download PDF file (from GMU computer).
Jim R. Davies, Abigail S. Gertner, Neal Lesh, Charles Rich, Candace L. Sidner and Jeff Rickel, “Incorporating Tutorial Strategies Into an Intelligent Assistant”, in Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces – IUI’01, January 14-17, 2001, Santa Fe, New Mexico, ACM Press, pp 53-56. Search at: http://portal.acm.org/dl.cfm
and download PDF file (from GMU computer).
Papers added February 16 (Ping Shyr)
Marilyn Walker, Donald Hindle, Jeanne Fromer, Giuseppe Di Fabbrizio, Craig Mestel
Evaluating Competing Agent Strategies For A Voice Email Agent
Proc. Eurospeech '97
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/17170.html
Evaluating Spoken Dialogue Agents with
PARADISE
Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and Eighth Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/192518.html
Marilyn A. Walker, Diane J. Litman, Candace A. Kamm and Aiicia Abeila
Evaluating Interactive Dialogue Systems: Extending Component Evaluation to Integrated System Evaluation
Interactive Spoken Dialog Systems: Bridging Speech and NLP Together in Real A...
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/552783.html
John Collins, Maksim Tsvetovat, Corey Bilot, Rashmi Sundareswara, Tim Lee, Maria Gini, Bamshad Mobasher
A Framework For Mixed Initiative Agent-Based Contracting (1999)
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/collins99framework.html
John Collins, Maksim Tsvetovat, Rashmi Sundareswara, Joshua van Tonder, Maria Gini
Evaluating Risk: Flexibility and Feasibility in Multi-Agent Contracting (1999)
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Agents'99)
John Collins, Corey Bilot, Maria Gini, Bamshad Mobasher
Mixed-Initiative Decision Support in Agent-Based Automated Contracting (2000)
Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Autonomous Agents
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/collins00mixedinitiative.html
John Collins, Rashmi Sundareswara, Maria Gini, Barnshad Mobasher
Bid Selection Strategies for Multi-Agent Contracting in the presence of SchedulingConstraints (2000)
Agent Mediated Electronic Commerce (IJCAI Workshop)
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/collins00bid.html
John Collins, Wolfgang Ketter, Maria Gini
A Multi-Agent Negotiation Testbed for Contracting Tasks with Temporal andPrecedence Constraints (2002)
International Journal of Electronic Commerce
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/collins02multiagent.html
Daniela D'Aloisi, Amedeo Cesta, Rodolfo Brancaleoni
Mixed-Initiative Aspects in an Agent-Based System (1997)
Daniela D'Aloisi, Amedeo Cesta, Rodolfo Brancaleoni
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/141061.html
Thomas C. Hartrum, Scott A. DeLoach
Design Issues for Mixed-Initiative Agent Systems (1999)
Scott A. DeLoach
Multiagent Systems Engineering: A Methodology And Language for Designing Agent Systems (1999), Workshop Notes of Agent Oriented Information Systems (AOIS ’99),
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/deloach99multiagent.html
Steve G. Woods and Mario R. Barbacci
Architectural Evaluation of Collaborative Agent-Based Systems
http://www.sei.cmu.edu/publications/documents/99.reports/99tr025/99tr025abstract.html
G.I. Webb, W. Jason, and Z. Zheng
An Experimental Evaluation of Integrating Machine Learning with Knowledge Acquisition
Machine Learning, vol. 35, 1999, 5-23.
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/webb96experimental.html
G.I. Webb and W. Jason
Experimental evaluation of integrating machine learning with knowledge acquisition through direct interaction with domain experts
Proc. Pacific Knowledge Acquisition Workshop,
http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/9634.html
N. R. Shadbolt, K. O'Hara, L. Crow
The Experimental Evaluation of Knowledge Acquisition Techniques and Methods: History, Problems and New Directions
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 51, 4, 729-755, 1999
Evaluation of Mixed-initiative Knowledge Base Development Methods and Tools
IJCAI-01 Workshop on Empirical Methods in Artificial Intelligence
http://www.intellektik.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/~tom/IJCAI01/ShyrTecuciBoicu.pdf
Mixed-Initiative Planning and Scheduling
Mark Burstein, George Ferguson and James Allen. Integrating Agent-based Mixed-initiative Control with an Existing Multi-agent Planning System. In the Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Multi-agent Systems (ICMAS), July 2000.
Mark Burstein and Drew McDermott. Issues in the Development of Human-Computer Mixed-Initiative Planning. Cognitive Technology, B. Gorayska and J.L. Mey (eds.), Elsevier, Jan, 1996, pp. 285-303.
More MI publications by Mark Burstein are available at: http://openmap.bbn.com/~burstein/pubs.htm#mia
S. F. Smith, O. Lassila, and M. Becker. Configurable, Mixed-Initiative Systems for Planning and Scheduling. In Advanced Planning Technology, A. Tate, Ed.: AAAI Press, 1996.
Mixed-Initiative Resource Management and Allocation
Marcel A. Becker and Stephen F. Smith.. Mixed-Initiative Resource Management: The AMC Barrel Allocator. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Planning and Scheduling (AIPS-2000), Breckenridge, CO, April 2000.
Laurence A. Kramer and Stephen F. Smith. Optimizing for Change: Mixed-Initiative Resource Allocation with the AMC Barrel Allocator. 2000.
A. Aragones, J. Price, A. Crapo, N. Roddy and A. Varma. Mixed-Initiative Interaction for Maintenance Support. 2003. Presented at ICCBR 2003, Mixed Initiative Workshop,
Mixed-Initiative Agent-Based Contracting
J. Collins, M. Tsvetovat, C. Bilot, R. Sundareswara, T. Lee, M. Gini, and B. Mobasher. A framework for mixed initiative agent-based contracting. In First IAC Workshop on Internet Based Negotiation Technologies, March 1999.
Naval Research Lab - Why2000 tutoring systems, and others: http://www.autotutor.org/what/onr.htm
Mixed-initiative components in tutoring
systems:
http://www.csam.iit.edu/~circsim/documents/rfmis97.pdf
Ms Lindquist Tutor:
http://n!
th.wpi.edu/pubs_and_grants/my_papers/heffernan-final-draft.doc
ATLAS Project:
http://www.pitt.edu/~circle/Projects/Atlas.html
Cox, M. T. (in press). Planning as mixed-initiative goal manipulation . To appear in the Proceedings of the Workshop on Mixed-Initiative Intelligent Systems at the 18th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
Michael T. Cox, Thomas Hartrum, Scott DeLoach,1 and S. Narayanan. Agent-Based Mixed-Initiative Collaboration: The ABMIC project final report.
Cox, M. T., & Veloso, M. M. (1997a).
Controlling for unexpected goals when planning in a mixed-initiative setting
. In E. Costa & A. Cardoso (Eds.), Progress in Artificial Intelligence: Eighth Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 309-318).
Cox, M. T., & Veloso, M. M. (1997b). Supporting combined human and machine planning: An interface for planning by analogical reasoning. In D. B. Leake & E. Plaza (Eds.), Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development: Second International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (pp. 531-540).
Cox, M. T., & Veloso, M. M. (1997c).
Supporting combined human and machine planning: The Prodigy 4.0 User Interface Version 2.0 (Tech, Rep. No. CMU-CS-97-174).
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/prodigy/Web/Mixed-init/Papers/ui-tech-rep.ps.gz
Cox, M. T., & Veloso, M. M. (in press).
Goal Transformations in Continuous Planning. In M. desJardins (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1998 AAAI Fall Symposium on Distributed Continual Planning.
Cox, M. T., Edwin, G., Balasubramanian, K., & Elahi, M. (2001). Multiagent goal transformation and mixed-initiative planning using Prodigy/Agent. To appear in Proceedings of the 5th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (SCI 2001).
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~mcox/Papers/cox-edwin-balas-elahi.ps
Cox, M., Kerkez, B., Srinivas, C., Edwin, G., Archer, W. (2000). Toward Agent-Based Mixed-Initiative Interfaces.In H. R. Arabnia (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 1
http://www.cs.wright.edu/people/faculty/mcox/ic-ai/abmii-camera-ready.pdf
http://www.cs.wright.edu/people/faculty/mcox/Papers/immaneni-cox-04.pdf
Veloso, M. M., Mulvehill, A. M., & Cox, M. T. (1997). Rationale-supported mixed-initiative case-based planning. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Ninth Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference (pp. 1072-1077).
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Zhang, C., Cox, M. T., & Immaneni, T. (2002). GTrans version 2.1 User manual and reference (Tech. Rep. No. WSU-CS-02-02).
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Cox, M. T. (2001). Toward tailored information presentation in support of collaborative planning.In B. Bell & E. Santos (Eds.), Intent Inference for Collaborative Tasks: Papers from the 2001 fall symposium (pp. 44-50). AAAI Technical Report FS-01-05.Menlo Park, CA :AAAI Press.
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Cox ,M.T.(2000).A conflict of metaphors :Modeling the planning process.In Proceedings of 2000 Summer Computer Simulation Conference
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Zhang, C. (2002), Cognitive Models For Mixed-Initiative Planning. Master’s thesis.
http://www.cs.wright.edu/~mcox/GTrans/zhang2002.pdf
Papers added February 23 (Erkin Olmez)
Douglas Walton (2000)
The Place of Dialogue Theory in Logic, Computer Science and Communication Studies
International Journal for Epistemology, Logic and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 123. pp. 327-346
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A Computational Model of Dialogue Initiative in Collaborative Discourse
in Human-Computer Collaboration: Reconciling Theory, Synthesizing Practice, Technical Report FS-93-05, The AAAI Press. http://www.cs.duke.edu/~cig/papers/guinn93computational.pdf
Lin, F., Norrie, D.H., Shen, W., and Kremer R. (1999)
Schema-based Approach to Specifying Conversation Policies.
Autonomous Agents '99 Workshop on Specifying and Implementing Coversation Policies, Seattle, WA. pp. 71-77.
Papers added March 15 (Erkin Olmez)
Bradshaw, J. M., Dutfield, S., Benoit, P. & Woolley, J.D. (1997) KAoS: Toward an industrial-strength open agent architecture In J.M. Bradshaw (Ed.) Software Agents. AAAI/MIT Press, pp.375-418. http://www.ihmc.us/research/projects/KAoS/17-Bradshaw.pdf
Jensen, K. (1992) Colored Petri Nets: Basic Concepts, Analysis Methods and Practical Use Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, New York.